Yttrium‐doped <scp> Sn ₃ O ₄ two‐dimensional </scp> electron transport material for perovskite solar cells with efficiency over 23%

The two-dimensional mixed-valence tin oxide Sn3O4 with a low defect density of states and suitable energy band structure has shown great potential as the electron transport layer (ETL) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, is should be modulated to demonstrate its application more efficient PSCs. Here, doped yttrium (Y) optimize electronic properties improve performance PSCs based on ETL. conductivity improved from 6.6 × 10−4 2.05 10−3 S m−1 increased by Y doping. Meanwhile, Fermi level also upshifted after enhance extraction capability built-in in By doping ETL Y, power conversion efficiency successfully boosted 23.05%.